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- <text id=90TT1329>
- <title>
- May 21, 1990: Mankind Cannot Do Without Nuclear
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- May 21, 1990 John Sununu:Bush's Bad Cop
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SAKHAROV, Page 60
- "Mankind Cannot Do Without Nuclear Power"
- By Andrei Sakharov
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>[From Memoirs. (c) 1990 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Translated by
- Richard Lourie]
- </p>
- <p> After the Chernobyl nuclear-reactor catastrophe of April 26,
- 1986, the reports in the Soviet press led me to adopt far too
- sanguine an approach. One clue that should have alerted me to
- a possible cover-up was a mid-May report that several fire
- fighters had perished; if radiation levels in the vicinity of
- the Chernobyl plant did not exceed 10 to 15 milliroentgens an
- hour, what could have caused their deaths?
- </p>
- <p> In fact, the radiation levels published in the Soviet press
- were 1% or less of the true figures. But there were other,
- subjective reasons for my complacency: my preconceptions, my
- mental inertia and sheer wishful thinking.
- </p>
- <p> When Lusia returned from a visit to the West, her
- information on Chernobyl shook me. Czechoslovakia, Sweden,
- Poland and Hungary had demanded an explanation from Soviet
- authorities for the high levels of radiation throughout Europe.
- Poles were given iodine tablets to speed the elimination of
- radioactive iodine from their systems--which raised the
- question of what was being done in the U.S.S.R., where the
- level of radioactivity was much greater. In the Ukraine and
- Belorussia, pregnant women were advised to have abortions. My
- initial optimism was completely dispelled. It was important
- to decide in my own mind what should be done about nuclear
- power.
- </p>
- <p> Plainly, mankind cannot renounce nuclear power, so we must
- find technical means to guarantee its absolute safety and
- exclude the possibility of another Chernobyl. The best way is
- international legislation requiring that all new nuclear
- reactors be sited deep enough underground so that even a
- worst-case accident would not discharge radioactive substances
- into the atmosphere. Existing aboveground reactors should be
- protected by reliable containment structures. The first
- priority should be to safeguard atomic plants that supply power
- and heat to large cities, reactors with graphite moderators
- like the one that malfunctioned at Chernobyl, and fast-neutron
- breeder reactors.
- </p>
- <p> I also became interested in the possibility of reducing
- earthquake damage by burying thermonuclear charges deep
- underground in seismologically active areas and detonating them
- to relieve the buildup of tension when strains in the earth's
- core approach the critical level. If this proves feasible, we
- could control at least the timing of earthquakes; people and
- property could be evacuated in orderly fashion. To preclude the
- escape of any radiation, the explosion would probably have to
- be two or more miles beneath the earth's surface.
- </p>
- <p> On Feb. 15, 1987, addressing the Moscow Forum for a
- Non-Nuclear World for the Survival of Mankind, I had this to
- say on the peaceful use of atomic energy:
- </p>
- <p> "Nuclear weapons divide and threaten mankind. But there are
- peaceful uses of nuclear energy that should promote the unity
- of mankind. Chernobyl was an example of the tragic interaction
- of equipment failure and human error. Nevertheless, the
- aversion people rightly feel for military applications must not
- spill over to the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Mankind
- cannot do without nuclear power. We must find a solution to the
- safety problem that will rule out another Chernobyl resulting
- from human error, failure to follow instructions, design
- defects or technical malfunction."
- </p>
- <p> I concluded, "People concerned about the potential harmful
- consequences of the peaceful use of nuclear energy should
- concentrate their efforts not on attempts to ban nuclear power,
- but instead on demands to assure its complete safety."
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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